1. Z-Source Impedance Network

The z-source is an impedance-source power converter that is considered to be more efficient than other commonly used power converters. Thus it has been used in hybrid electric vehicles with dual mode, i.e., as a boost converter and buck converter. The topology of z-source is composed of two-port network that consists of a split-inductors L1 and L2 and capacitors C1 and C2 connected in X shape. The circuit configuration of the z-source impedance network and its associate signal-flow-graph are shown in the Figures below:

2. PANDA Vernier Resonator

The PANDA Vernier resonator is considered as a viable optical device for communication and signal processing. It also can be employed as a force sensing application with a resolution in the range of micro-Newton. Following Figures show the configuration of PANDA Vernier resonator where we have 4 optical directional couplers and 3 rings and its associate signal-flow-graph which is composed of 18 nodes.